Compositions including pyruvate for companion animals and methods of use thereof

ABSTRACT

The invention encompasses compositions and methods for treating or preventing kidney disease in a companion animal, wherein the compositions and methods include feeding the companion animal an edible composition including at least one pyruvate or salt thereof.

CROSS-REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS

This application claims priority to U.S. Provisional Patent Application No. 61/290,780 filed on 29 Dec. 2009, which is incorporated herein by reference.

BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION

Glomerulonephritis or glomerular nephritis (“GN”) is a renal disease which is characterized by inflammation of the glomeruli or capillary loops of the kidney. It is a pathologic process associated with a number of diverse underlying diseases. The condition occurs in acute, sub-acute and chronic forms and also secondary to an infection. The former conditions, where a concurrent illness cannot be found, are generally referred to as idiopathic glomerulonephritis. The latter conditions are generally referred to as secondary glomerulonephritis. Whatever the underlying cause, immune complexes form and result in a series of events leading to glomerular injury and loss of renal function, proteinuria and ultimately, in some cases, renal failure.

Nephritis is an inflammation of the kidney, which may be a focal or diffuse proliferative or destructive disease involving the glomerulus, renal tubule or the kidney interstitial (or connective) tissue. The most common form of nephritis is glomerulonephritis. Nephritis may progress through a number of stages ending in end-stage kidney disease or end-stage renal failure.

Renal failure results from the inability of the kidney to maintain its normal functions. As a result, metabolic waste products and metabolites accumulate in the blood. These waste products and metabolites may adversely affect most bodily systems. Disturbances in the maintenance of fluid and electrolyte balances are characteristics of renal failure.

Acute renal failure may occur suddenly due to trauma, infection, inflammation or exposure to nephrotoxic substances. This condition may result in dehydration, hypotension and circulatory collapse. Acute renal failure is frequently segregated into three categories: (1) pre-renal failure, which is associated with decreased renal blood flow; (2) intra-renal failure, which is associated with ischemia and toxins; and (3) post-renal failure, which results from obstruction of urine flow.

Chronic renal failure involves a progressive loss of kidney function that may eventually progress to end-stage renal disease or failure. At inception, chronic renal failure begins as a diminishing kidney function, without appreciable accumulation of metabolic waste products in the blood. As the glomerular filtration rate slows due to inflammation, waste products begin to accumulate. The disease progresses to uremia due to low kidney function, and high levels of protein end products start to accumulate and impair bodily functions. Common causes of chronic renal failure include: inflammation, infection, urinary tract obstruction and certain systemic diseases and toxicities, including hypercalcemia, lupus erythematosus, diabetes mellitus and hypertension.

End-stage renal disease is marked by irreversible chronic renal failure. Serum creatinine and blood urea nitrogen levels continue to rise and the resulting uremia impairs all bodily systems. The kidney can suffer permanent and almost complete loss of function on the order of 10% or less of normal kidney function. One cause of end-stage kidney disease is glomerulonephritis. Other causes include those mentioned for chronic renal failure.

Creatinine is a nitrogenous compound formed as a result of creatine metabolism. Creatine, in turn, is a non-proteinaceous substance that is synthesized in the body from three amino acids, arginine, glycine and methionine. The molecule is found in muscle in small amounts and, when combined with phosphate as phosphocreatine, serves as a storage form of high energy phosphate used in various metabolic processes. Creatinine is absorbed into the blood and ultimately is excreted in the urine. Thus, a simple laboratory test for measuring creatinine in the blood can be used to determine kidney function. The test is frequently referred to as a creatinine clearance test, which measures the amount of creatinine cleared from plasma in a given time interval. Because creatinine is formed from phosphocreatine in relatively constant amounts, a rise in creatinine levels in the blood is indicative of a kidney malfunction, i.e., loss of kidney function.

Glomerulonephritis may arise as a result of a biological insult to the immune system. Foreign substances may adhere to the basement membrane and cause an immune response resulting in the production of antibodies. These antibodies may combine with the foreign substances to cause immune complexes that become deposited on the walls of the tiny glomerular capillaries, resulting in damage to the nephron. Alternatively, in some individuals the immune system can create autoantibodies which are immunoglobulins that may attack kidney cells resulting in a so-called autoimmune response. If proteins in the body are altered, an autoantibody response may ensue because the autoantibodies recognize the altered proteins as non-self. These autoantibody-protein complexes may likewise be deposited on the basement membrane of the glomerulus causing a disruption of the functioning of the nephron.

Glomerulonephritis is a common cause of proteinuria in dogs and may be either the idiopathic or secondary form of the condition. In the latter situation, the condition may develop secondary to neoplasia, inflammatory diseases, endocrine malfunctions, infections or familial nephropathies. As in humans, glomerulonephritis in dogs is mediated immunologically, involving immunoglobulins and complement factors in the body of the animal. Injury occurs within the glomeruli of the kidney resulting in morphological changes to the glomeruli. Eventually the injury is irreversible and leads to malfunction of the nephrons.

Glomerulonephritis is characterized in the scientific literature in a number of different forms based on the histopathological changes taking place. Membranous glomerulonephritis involves thickening of the glomerular basement membrane. Proliferative or mesangioproliferative glomerulonephritis is characterized by proliferation of cells in the mesangial matrix. Membranoproliferative glomerulonephritis involves a combination of the foregoing changes. Glomerulosclerosis is characterized by increased matrix formation and scarring. In some cases there are minimal changes to the glomeruli and only slight increases in mesangial cell proliferation.

Diet plays an important role in disease causation and progression because it is fundamentally involved in metabolism. Biological pathways are at some level regulated by nutritional factors. Thus, dietary components present in foods as nutrients may regulate gene expression at the transcriptional and translational level, as well as in certain post-translational modifications. They may similarly be involved in degradation and enzymatic activities. Nutrient levels may influence the equilibrium of metabolic pathways. Metabolic pathways are frequently complex and may involve many redundancies and interrelationships among different metabolic pathways. Altering the concentration of a single enzyme, growth factor, cytokine or metabolite may impact a number of metabolic pathways involved in disease-related physiology. Hormones and other cell signaling molecules are well-understood to be regulated by diet and are also known to be implicated in the development and progression of disease.

The same disease phenotype may result from disturbances in different metabolic pathways, and the genetic make-up of each animal differs, thereby causing variation in responses to the same factors, including nutritional and environmental factors. The interplay of genetic, nutritional and environmental factors is important in understanding the etiology, prevention, treatment and progression of diseases in animals. Finding gene expression responses to nutrients associated with various diseases and disorders permits formulation of diets for animals susceptible to disease such as kidney disorders, and further permits diagnosis, treatment and monitoring the prognosis of the underlying disease or disorder.

As a result, the use of biomarkers for early detection and monitoring of disease progression may enable prevention or treatment of diseases as well as new therapies to be developed for animals, particularly for companion animals. Diet is arguably the most important environmental factor affecting the phenotype of an animal, including susceptibility to disease.

The invention encompasses edible food compositions for companion animals, which have therapeutic and prophylactic efficacy and possess increased palatability over currently marketed companion food products.

SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION

Accordingly, the inventors have developed edible compositions, including nutritionally complete dietary compositions for a companion animal, which include pyruvate to confer clinically beneficial properties with regard to kidney disorders or disease to such companion animal.

The invention additionally encompasses methods for the prevention, amelioration of symptoms of, or treatment of certain conditions, disorders and diseases in companion animals, for example, kidney disease. Another embodiment encompasses methods for treating or preventing kidney disease in a companion animal, which includes feeding the animal an edible composition including one or more pyruvate in an amount effective to treat or prevent kidney disease.

In one embodiment, the invention encompasses edible compositions for companion animals including one or more pyruvate in an amount effective to prevent, ameliorate the symptoms of, or treat kidney disease in a companion animal.

Another embodiment encompasses methods for preventing, ameliorating one or more symptoms of, or treating, kidney disease in a companion animal, which includes feeding the companion animal an edible composition including one or more pyruvate in an amount effective to prevent, ameliorate one or more symptoms of, or treat kidney disease in such companion animal.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION

As used throughout, ranges are used as a shorthand for describing each and every value that is within the range. Any value within the range can be selected as the terminus of the range. In addition, all references cited herein are hereby incorporated by reference in their entireties. In the event of a conflict in a definition in the present disclosure and that of a cited reference, the present disclosure controls.

Unless otherwise specified, all percentages and amounts expressed herein and elsewhere in the specification should be understood to refer to percentages by weight.

The invention generally encompasses companion animal edible compositions including one or more pyruvate in an amount effective to treat or prevent a disorder in the companion animal.

The invention additionally encompasses methods for the prevention, amelioration of symptoms of, or treatment of certain conditions, disorders and diseases in companion animals, for example, kidney disease.

In one embodiment the companion animal is a dog or cat.

In another embodiment, the pyruvate is present in an amount of up to about 20% by weight of the composition.

In another embodiment, the pyruvate is present in an amount of about 0.1% by weight to about 10% by weight of the composition

In another embodiment, the pyruvate is in an amount of about 5% by weight of the composition. In another embodiment, the pyruvate is in an amount of about 1% by weight of the composition.

In another embodiment, the pyruvate is in an amount of about 0.7% by weight of the composition.

In another embodiment, the composition further includes one or more proteins, fats, carbohydrates, fibers, and combinations thereof.

In another embodiment, the composition is a food, a nutritional diet, a supplement, an animal treat, or a toy.

In another embodiment, the edible composition is in the form of a moist food, dry food, supplement or treat.

Another embodiment of the invention encompasses methods for preventing, ameliorating one or more symptoms of, or treating, kidney disease in a companion animal, which includes feeding the animal an edible composition of the invention, which includes one or more pyruvate in an amount effective to prevent, ameliorate one or more symptoms of, or treat, kidney disease.

It is contemplated that the invention described herein is not limited to the particular methodology, protocols, ingredients and reagents described as these may vary. It is also to be understood that the terminology used herein is for the purpose of describing particular embodiments only, and is not intended to limit the scope of the present invention in any way.

Unless defined otherwise, all technical and scientific terms used herein have the same meanings as commonly understood by one of ordinary skill in the art to which this invention belongs. Although any methods and materials similar or equivalent to those described herein can be used in the practice or testing of the present invention, the preferred methods, devices and materials are now described. All publications mentioned herein are incorporated by reference for the purpose of describing and disclosing the materials and methodologies that are reported in the publication, which might be used in connection with the invention.

As used herein and in the appended claims, the singular forms “a”, “an”, and “the” include plural reference unless the context clearly dictates otherwise.

The term “antioxidant” means a substance that is capable of reacting with free radicals and neutralizing them. Illustrative examples of such substances include beta-carotene, selenium, coenzyme Q10 (ubiquinone), luetin, tocotrienols, soy isoflavones, S-adenosylmethionine, glutathione, taurine, N-acetylcysteine, vitamin E, vitamin C, lipoic acid and L-carnitine. Examples of foods containing useful levels of one or more antioxidants include but are not limited to, ginkgo bilboa, green tea, broccoli, citrus pulp, grape pomace, tomato pomace, carrot spinach, and a wide variety of fruit meals and vegetable meals. It will be understood by one of skill in the art that while units of antioxidants may be provided herein as “ppm”, appropriate amounts of antioxidants may also be provided as “IU/kg” where appropriate and customary for a given antioxidant such as, e.g., Vitamin E.

The term “carbohydrate” as used herein includes polysaccharides (e.g., starches and dextrins) and sugars (e.g., sucrose, lactose, maltose, glucose, and fructose) that are metabolized for energy when hydrolyzed. Examples of carbohydrates suitable for inclusion in the compositions disclosed herein include but are not limited to, corn, grain sorghum, wheat, barley, and rice.

The term “cat” includes those cats which are companion animals known as domestic cats or house cats.

The term “companion animal” used in the present invention includes any non-human animal suitable for being kept as a pet by humans including a dog and a cat. All aspects of the present invention are preferably for the treatment of cats and/or dogs.

As used herein the term “compositions of the invention” refers to animal dietary food compositions including pyruvate. The compositions of the invention include pyruvate in an amount of about 0.1%, about 0.2%, about 0.3%, about 0.4%, about 0.5%, about 0.6%, about 0.7%, about 0.8%, about 0.9%, about 1%, about 1.5%, about 2%, about 3%, about 4%, about 5%, about 6%, about 7%, about 8%, about 9%, about 10%, about 15%, or about 20% by weight. The compositions of the invention may prevent or treat kidney disease in animals fed such compositions. The compositions of the invention may alleviate glomerulonephritis

The term “dog” includes those dogs which are companion animals such as Canis familiaris, working dogs and the like. The term dog is synonymous with the term canine.

As used herein, “an amount effective”, “an effective amount”, and like terms refer to that amount of a compound, material or composition as described herein that may be effective to achieve a particular biological result. Such effective activity may be achieved, for example, by administration of compositions of the present invention to an animal. An effective amount may be based on several factors, including an animal's ideal weight, the metabolizable energy of the composition, and frequency of feeding the animal compositions of the present invention, e.g., once, twice, or three times daily, and other compositions fed to the animal.

A “food” is a nutritionally complete diet for the intended recipient animal (e.g., domestic cat or domestic dog).

The term “inflammation” refers to a protective attempt by an organism to remove an injurious stimulus and initiate the healing processes for the tissue affected by the injurious stimulus. Inflammation can be classified as either acute or chronic. Acute inflammation is an initial response to harmful stimuli and is achieved by the increased movement of plasma and leukocytes from the blood into the injured tissues. A cascade of biochemical events propagates and matures the inflammatory response, involving the local vasculature, the immune system, and various cells within the injured tissue. Chronic inflammation, or prolonged inflammation, leads to a progressive shift in the type of cells, which are present at the site of inflammation, and is characterized by simultaneous destruction and healing of the tissue from the inflammatory process.

As used herein, an “ingredient” refers to any component of a composition.

As used herein, the term “pyruvate” includes, but is not limited to, for example, pyruvic acid and salts and esters of pyruvic acid, including but not limited to: calcium pyruvate, sodium pyruvate, lithium pyruvate, potassium pyruvate, magnesium pyruvate, zinc pyruvate, manganese pyruvate and combinations thereof. The term “pyruvate” also includes certain pyruvate precursor molecules in the form of pyruvamides or pyruvyl-amino acids. The term pyruvyl-amino acids includes, pyruvyl-glycine, pyruvyl-glutamine, pyruvyl-lysine, pyruvyl-valine, pyruvyl-isoleucine, pyruvyl-phenylalanine, pyruvyl-proline and their amides, esters, salts and mixtures thereof. The term “pyruvate” also include derivatives of pyruvic acid such as ethyl pyruvate, propyl pyruvate, butyl pyruvate, carbmethoxymethyl pyruvate, carbethoxymethyl pyruvate, acetoxymethyl pyruvate, carbmethoxyethyl pyruvate, carbethoxylethyl pyruvate, methoxymethyl pyruvate and ethoxymethyl pyruvate. The term “pyruvate” also includes mixtures of any of the foregoing substances. In certain preferred embodiments, the pyruvate is calcium pyruvate.

The terms “sample” and “specimen” mean any animal tissue or fluid containing, e.g., polynucleotides, polypeptides, antibodies, metabolites, and the like, including cells and other tissue containing DNA and RNA. Examples include: blood, cartilage, connective, epithelial, lymphoid, muscle, nervous, sputum, and the like. A sample may be solid or liquid and may be DNA, RNA, cDNA, bodily fluids such as blood or urine, cells, cell preparations or soluble fractions or media aliquots thereof, chromosomes, organelles, and the like.

As used herein, “soluble fiber” refers to dietary fiber that attracts water during digestion and slows the rate of nutrient absorption and is typically found in, e.g., oat bran, seeds, beans, and certain fruits and vegetables such as beet pulp, guar gum, chicory root, psyllium, pectin, blueberry, cranberry, squash, apples, oats, beans, citrus, barley and peas. As used herein, the term encompasses any source of soluble fiber suitable for the compositions disclosed herein as would be evident to one of skill in the art.

The term “substance” means an element, compound, molecule, or a mixture thereof or any other material that could potentially be useful for diagnosing, prognosing, or modulating the onset or severity of kidney disease in an animal, including any drug, chemical entity, or biologic entity.

As used herein, the term “supplement(s)” include but are not limited to, a feed used with another feed to improve nutritive balance or performance of the total. Supplements include but are not limited to, compositions that are fed undiluted as a supplement to other feeds, offered free choice with other parts of an animal's ration that are separately available, or diluted and mixed with an animal's regular feed to produce a complete feed. The AAFCO guidelines, for example, contain a discussion relating to supplements in the Official Publication of The Association of American Feed Control Officials, Inc. (AAFCO), Atlanta, Ga., 2005, or the National Research Council's Nutrient Requirements of Dogs and Cats, The National Academy Press, Washington, D.C., 2006.

Supplements may be in various forms including, for example, powders, liquids, syrups, pills, encapsulated compositions, and the like.

The term “nutrient” refers to a substance that provides nourishment. In some cases an ingredient may comprise more than one “nutrient,” for example, a composition may comprise fish oil as an ingredient, the oil itself comprising important nutrients such as eicosapentaenoic acid and docosahexaenoic acid. The distinction in these terms is familiar to one of skill in the art.

As contemplated herein, the compositions of the present invention are meant to encompass nutritionally complete and balanced animal food compositions that additionally comprise pyruvate. A “nutritionally complete diet” is a diet that includes sufficient nutrients for maintenance of normal health of a healthy animal on the diet.

Nutritionally complete and balanced pet food compositions are familiar to one of skill in the art. For example substances such as nutrients and ingredients suitable for nutritionally complete and balanced animal feed compositions, and recommended amounts thereof, may be found for example, in the Official Publication of The Association of American Feed Control Officials, Inc. (AAFCO), Atlanta, Ga., 2005, or the National Research Council's Nutrient Requirements of Dogs and Cats, The National Academy Press, Washington, D.C., 2006.

For example, a nutritionally complete and balanced pet food composition of the present invention may comprise: about 0 to about 90%, preferably about 5% to 60%, by weight of carbohydrates; about 5% to about 70%, preferably about 10% to about 60%, by weight of protein; about 2% to about 50%, preferably about 5% to about 40%, by weight of fat; about 0.1% to about 40%, preferably about 1% to about 11%, by weight of total dietary fiber; about 0 to about 15%, preferably about 2% to about 8%, by weight of vitamins and minerals, antioxidants, and other nutrients which support the nutritional needs of the animal; and about 0.1% to about 20% by weight of pyruvate.

One embodiment of the invention encompasses edible compositions for companion animals including one or more pyruvate.

The compositions of the invention may include pyruvate in an amount effective to prevent, ameliorate one or more symptoms of, or treat, a kidney disorder characterized by an abnormal loss of renal function, renal failure, reduced glomerular filtration rate or glomerulonephritis,

Generally, the amount effective in the composition includes one or more pyruvate in an amount of up to about 20% by weight, up to about 18% by weight, up to about 16% by weight, up to about 14% by weight, up to about 12% by weight, up to about 10% by weight, up to about 9% by weight, up to about 8% by weight, up to about 7% by weight, up to about 6% by weight, up to about 5% by weight, up to about 4% by weight, up to about 3% by weight, up to about 2% by weight of the composition, or up to about 1% by weight. In certain embodiments, the one or more pyruvate is present in an amount of 0.5 to 1.0% by weight of the composition, and in other embodiments the one or more pyruvate is present in an amount of approximately 0.7% by weight of the composition.

The invention generally encompasses pet food compositions for a companion animal comprising an amount of protein, an amount of fat, an amount of carbohydrate, an amount of fiber and an effective amount of one or more pyruvate to treat or prevent kidney disease in a companion animal.

In certain embodiments, the effective amount of pyruvate is at least 0.1% by weight pyruvate. In other embodiments of the invention one or more pyruvate is present in a range of about 0.1% to about 20% by weight on a dry matter basis. In preferred embodiments the pyruvate is present in an amount of about 0.7% by weight on a dry matter basis.

In certain embodiments, the companion animal is a dog.

In certain embodiments, the companion animal is a cat.

In various embodiments, the companion animals of the invention are the domestic cat (Felis domesticus) or the domestic dog (Canis domesticus). Other companion animals include, fish, bird and horse.

In certain embodiments, the companion animal is a senior animal.

In certain embodiments, the dietary food composition can be administered to a senior animal or an animal with kidney disease.

The edible compositions, in addition to one or more pyruvate, may also include at least one component suitable for consumption by a companion animal including, but not limited to, fats, carbohydrates, proteins, fibers, nutritional balancing agents such as vitamins, minerals, and trace elements, and mixtures thereof. One of ordinary skill in the art can select the amount and type of food ingredients for a typical food based upon the dietary requirements of the animal, for example, the animal's species, age, size, weight, health, and function.

A “nutritionally complete diet” is a diet that includes sufficient nutrients for maintenance of normal health of a healthy animal on the diet. The methods of this invention utilize compositions that are not intended to be restricted by any specific listing of proteinaceous or fat ingredients or product farm. The compositions can be prepared in, for example, a dry, canned, wet, or intermediate moisture form using conventional pet food processes.

The food composition can include up to about 100% of any particular food ingredient or can include a mixture of food ingredients in various proportions. In certain embodiments, the food composition includes a combination of food ingredients in amounts of about 0 wt. % to 50 wt. % fat, 0 wt. % to 75 wt. % carbohydrate, 0 wt. % to 95 wt. % protein, 0 wt. % to 40 wt. % dietary fiber, and 0 wt. % to 15 wt. % of one or more nutritional balancing agents.

In one illustrative embodiment, the composition may, for example, in addition to one or more pyruvate also include at least one of the following:

(a) about 0% to about 75% carbohydrate; (b) about 2% to about 50% fat; (c) about 0% to about 40% dietary fiber, and (d) about 0% to about 15% of one or more nutritional balancing agents.

In certain embodiments, the fat and carbohydrate food ingredient is obtained from a variety of sources such as animal fat, fish oil, vegetable oil, meat, meat by-products, grains, other animal or plant sources, and mixtures thereof. Grains include wheat, corn, barley, and rice. In certain embodiments, protein may be supplied by any of a variety of sources known by those skilled in the art, including plant sources, animal sources, or both. Animal sources include, for example, meat, meat by-products, seafood, dairy, eggs, etc. Meats include, for example, the flesh of poultry, fish, and mammals (e.g., cattle, pigs, sheep, goats, and the like). Meat by-products include, for example, lungs, kidneys, brain, livers, and stomachs and intestines (freed of all or essentially all their contents). The protein can be intact, almost completely hydrolyzed, or partially hydrolyzed. Protein content of foods may be determined by any number of methods known by those of skill in the art, for example, as published by the Association of Official Analytical Chemists in Official Methods of Analysis (“OMA”). The amount of “crude protein” in a composition disclosed herein may be determined based on the amount of nitrogen in the composition according to methods familiar to one of skill in the art.

The compositions of the present invention may also include amino acids in amounts required to avoid deficiency and maintain health. These amounts and methods of measurement are known by those skilled in the art. For example, AAFCO provides recommended amounts of such ingredients for dogs and cats. Amino acids in the present compositions may be supplied by any number of sources, including crude protein, or addition of free amino acids to the composition.

Fat can be supplied by any of a variety of sources known by those skilled in the art, including meat, meat by-products, fish oil, and plants. Plant fat sources include wheat, flaxseed, rye, barley, rice, sorghum, corn, oats, millet, wheat germ, corn germ, soybeans, peanuts, and cottonseed, as well as oils derived from these and other plant fat sources. Fat content of foods may be determined by any number of methods known by those of skill in the art.

Carbohydrate may be supplied by any of a variety of sources known by those skilled in the art, including oat fiber, cellulose, peanut hulls, beet pulp, parboiled rice, corn starch, corn gluten meal, and any combination of those sources. Grains supplying carbohydrate include, but are not limited to, wheat, corn, barley, and rice. Carbohydrate content of foods may be determined by any number of methods known by those of skill in the art. Generally, carbohydrate percentage may be calculated as nitrogen free extract (“NFE”), which may be calculated as follows: NFE=100%−moisture %−protein %−fat %−ash %−crude fiber %.

As used herein, “fiber blend” includes a combination of soluble and insoluble fiber at a level that is between 1-5% total dietary fiber on a dry matter basis. The sources of the fiber can be combinations of cellulose, hemicelluloses, resistant starches, or oligosaccharides such as galactooligosaccharides, xylooligosaccharides, or fructooligosaccharides.

Dietary fiber refers to components of a plant that are resistant to digestion by an animal's digestive enzymes. Dietary fiber components of foods may be determined by any number of methods known by those of skill in the art, such as those published by the OMA. Dietary fiber includes soluble and insoluble fibers.

Soluble fiber are resistant to digestion and absorption in the small intestine and undergo complete or partial fermentation in the large intestine, e.g., beet pulp, guar gum, chicory root, psyllium, pectin, blueberry, cranberry, squash, apples, oats, beans, citrus, barley, or peas. Insoluble fiber may be supplied by any of a variety of sources, including cellulose, whole wheat products, wheat oat, corn bran, flax seed, grapes, celery, green beans, cauliflower, potato skins, fruit skins, vegetable skins, peanut hulls, and soy fiber. Soluble and insoluble fiber content of foods may be determined by any number of methods known by those of skill in the art. Crude fiber includes indigestible components contained in cell walls and cell contents of plants such as grains, e.g., hulls of grains such as rice, corn, and beans. Crude fiber content of foods may be determined by any number of methods known by those of skill in the art.

In certain embodiments, the fiber food ingredient is obtained from a variety of sources such as vegetable fiber sources, for example, cellulose, beet pulp, peanut hulls, and soy fiber.

Metabolizable energy (ME) of a diet is the energy available to an animal upon consumption of the diet after subtracting the energy excreted in feces, urine, and combustible gases. Metabolizable energy values may be determined by methods known by those skilled in the art, such as detailed in the Official Publication of The Association of American Feed Control Officials, Inc. or the National Research Council's Nutrient Requirements of Dogs and Cats, The National Academy Press, Washington, D.C., 2006.

“Ash” consists of compounds that are not organic or water, generally produced by combustion of biological materials. Ash may be determined by any number of methods known by those of skill in the art.

Carnitine, or L-carnitine, is a vitamin-like compound synthesized in the body from lysine and methionine. Carnitine may be naturally present in ingredients of the present invention, or carnitine may be added to the compositions.

The compositions of the present invention also may contain one or more minerals and/or trace elements, e.g., calcium, phosphorus, sodium, potassium, magnesium, manganese, copper, zinc, or iron salts. One particular trace element is manganese. Manganese is essential to a host of enzymes as a cofactor, which may regulate the metabolism of foods, including proteins, fats, and carbohydrates. Such enzymes may include oxidoreductases, transferases, hydrolases, lyases, isomerases, ligases, lectins, and integrins. Manganese also affects bone development and neurological function. Manganese may be naturally present in the components of the compositions, or it may be added to compositions. Methods of measuring manganese content in a composition are well known to those of skill in the art.

The compositions of the present invention may also include vitamins and minerals in amounts required to avoid deficiency and maintain health. These amounts and methods of measurement are known by those skilled in the art. For example, AAFCO provides recommended amounts of such ingredients for dogs and cats. As contemplated herein, useful vitamins may include, but are not limited to, vitamin A, vitamin B₁, vitamin B₂, vitamin B₆, vitamin B₁₂, vitamin C, vitamin D, vitamin E, vitamin H (biotin), vitamin K, folic acid, inositol, niacin, and pantothenic acid.

In certain embodiments, the nutritional balancing agents are obtained from a variety of sources known to skilled artisans, for example, vitamin and mineral supplements and food ingredients. Vitamins and minerals can be included in amounts required to avoid deficiency and maintain health. These amounts are readily available in the art. The Association of American Feed Control Officials, Inc. provides recommended amounts of such nutrients for dogs and cats. Vitamins generally useful as food additives include vitamin A, vitamin B1, vitamin B2, vitamin B6, vitamin B12, vitamin D, biotin, vitamin K, folic acid, inositol, niacin, and pantothenic acid. Minerals and trace elements useful as food additives include calcium, phosphorus, sodium, potassium, magnesium, copper, zinc, chloride, iron, selenium, iodine, and iron.

In certain embodiments, the food compositions may contain additional ingredients such as fillers, palatability enhancers, binding agents, flavors, stabilizers, emulsifiers, sweeteners, colorants, buffers, salts, coatings, and the like known to skilled artisans. Stabilizers include substances that tend to increase the shelf life of the composition such as preservatives, synergists and sequestrants, packaging gases, stabilizers, emulsifiers, thickeners, gelling agents, and humectants. Examples of emulsifiers and/or thickening agents include gelatin, cellulose ethers, starch, starch esters, starch ethers, and modified starches. Specific amounts for each composition component, food ingredient, and other ingredients will depend on a variety of factors such as the particular components and ingredients included in the composition; the species of animal; the animal's age, body weight, general health, sex, and diet; the animal's consumption rate; the type of disease or condition being treated; and the like. Therefore, the component and ingredient amounts may vary widely and may deviate from the preferred proportions described herein.

The invention encompasses pet food compositions or supplements wherein one or more pyruvate is present in an effective amount to prevent, ameliorate one or more symptoms of, or treat, a condition in a companion animal. The effective amount of one or more pyruvate may vary depending on such factors as the patient being treated, the particular mode of administration, the activity of the particular active ingredients employed, the age, bodyweight, general health, sex and diet of the patient, time of administration, rate of excretion, the particular combination of ingredients employed, the total content of the main ingredient of the nutritional supplement or nutritionally complete diet, and the severity of the illness or symptom. It is within the skill of the person of ordinary skill in the art to account for these factors.

The food composition may further contain other ingredients such as corn, poultry meal, grease, palatability enhancers, potassium chloride, iodized salt, calcium carbonate, choline chloride, mineral premix, preservative, vitamin premix. The food may contain protein. The protein may be animal protein. Animal protein may be part of the total protein. Animal protein may be 50%, 70%, 80%, 90%, 95%, 99% or 100% of the total protein. The food may contain antioxidants, such as vitamin E. Antioxidant may be present in between about 0.0001 U/g and 3.0 U/g food, such as, e.g., 0.18 U/g. The food may contain eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) at between 1% by weight and 5% weight. Fatty acids may also be included such as n-3 and n-6 fatty acids. Fatty acids may be present in about 0.05% to 5% by weight. n-3 fatty acids may be present in about 0.0001% to 2%. n-6 fatty acids may be present in about 0.5% to 5% by weight. The food may contain fiber, such as crude fiber. Fiber may be present in between 0.001% and 10% by weight.

The effective amount of the nutritional supplement will vary depending on such factors as the patient being treated, the particular mode of administration, the activity of the particular active ingredients employed, the age, body weight, general health, sex and diet of the patient, time of administration, rate of excretion, the particular combination of ingredients employed, the total content of the main ingredient of the nutritional supplement, and the severity of the illness or symptom. It is within the skill of the person of ordinary skill in the art to account for these factors.

The pyruvate-containing dietary foods or supplements of the present invention may be formulated using a safe and effective amount of one or more pyruvate as discussed herein to provide one or more of the beneficial effects of the invention described herein, and one or more of the optional ingredients which may be obtained from slippery elm or green tea, as well as one or more of the additional optional ingredients described below. The nutritional supplement of the present invention may also be formulated with a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier.

Other materials, which may optionally be included in the nutritional supplement of the present invention include inositol, other B-complex vitamins, and anti-inflammatories. Also, ingredients such as sweeteners, flavorants, coloring agents, dyes, preservatives, emulsifying agents, suspending agents, melting agents, excipients, and solvents or diluents such as water, ethanol, propylene glycol, glycerin and various combinations thereof, may be included in the pyruvate-containing foods or supplements of the present invention.

The optional sweeteners, which may be used in the pyruvate-containing foods or supplements of the present invention include, but are not limited to, saccharin, aspartame, cyclamates, acesulfame K, neohesperidin dihydrochalcone, other sweeteners, and mixtures thereof, which may be added to the carrier in amounts sufficiently low so as not to chemically interact with the main ingredients of the nutritional supplement.

The optional flavorants which may be used in the pyruvate-containing foods or supplements of the present invention include, but are not limited to, peppermint, peppermint-menthol, eucalyptol wintergreen, licorice, clove, cinnamon, spearmint, cherry, lemon, orange lime, menthol and various combinations thereof.

Such additives are present in amounts that do not impair the purpose and effect provided by the invention. Examples of additives include, for example, substances with a stabilizing effect, processing aids, substances that enhance palatability, coloring substances, and substances that provide nutritional benefits.

Stabilizing substances include, for example, substances that tend to increase the shelf life of the composition. Potentially suitable examples of such substances include, for example, preservatives, antioxidants, synergists and sequesterants, packaging gases, stabilizers, emulsifiers, thickeners, gelling agents, and humectants. Examples of emulsifiers and/or thickening agents include, for example, gelatin, cellulose ethers, starch, starch esters, starch ethers, and modified starches.

Additives for coloring, palatability, and nutritional purposes include, for example, colorants (e.g., iron oxide, such as the red, yellow, or brown forms); sodium chloride, potassium citrate, potassium chloride, and other edible salts; vitamins; minerals; and flavoring. Such additives are known in the art. See, e.g., U.S. Pat. No. 3,202,514. See also, U.S. Pat. No. 4,997,671. Flavorants include, for example, dairy product flavorants (e.g., milk or cheese), meat flavorants (e.g., bacon, liver, beef, poultry, or fish), oleoresin, pinacol, and the various flavorants identified in the trade by a FEMA (Flavor Extract Manufacturers Association) number. Flavorants help provide additional palatability, and are known in the art. See, e.g., U.S. Pat. No. 4,997,672. See also, U.S. Pat. No. 5,004,624, U.S. Pat. No. 5,114,704, U.S. Pat. No. 5,532,010, and U.S. Pat. No. 6,379,727. The concentration of such additives in the composition typically may be up to about 5% by weight. In some embodiments, the concentration of such additives (particularly where such additives are primarily nutritional balancing agents, such as vitamins and minerals) is from about 0% to about 2.0% by weight. In some embodiments, the concentration of such additives (again, particularly where such additives are primarily nutritional balancing agents) is from about 0% to about 1.0% by weight.

The composition of the invention may include one or more additional ingredients to prevent or treat one or more diseases or conditions. The component in the diet, which accomplishes this, may be an antioxidant or mixture thereof. An antioxidant is a material that quenches a free radical. Examples of such materials include foods such as Ginkgo Biloba, citrus pulp, grape pomace, tomato pomace, carrot and spinach, all preferably dried as well as various other materials such as beta-carotene, selenium, coenzyme Q10 (ubiquinone), tocotrienols, soy isoflavones, S-adenosylmethionine, glutathione, taurine, N-acetylcysteine, Vitamin E, Vitamin C, alpha-lipoic acid, 1-carnitine and the like. Vitamin E can be administered as a tocopherol or a mixture of tocopherols and various derivatives thereof such as esters like vitamin E acetate, succinate, palmitate, and the like. The alpha form is preferable but beta, gamma and delta forms can be included. The d form is preferable but racemic mixtures are acceptable. The forms and derivatives will function in a Vitamin E like activity after ingestion by the pet. Vitamin C can be administered in this diet as ascorbic acid and its various derivatives thereof such as calcium phosphate salts, cholesteryl salt, 2-monophosphate, and the like which will function in a vitamin C like activity after ingesting by the pet. They can be in any form such as liquid, semisolid, solid and heat stable form. L-carnitine can be administered in the diet and various derivatives of carnitine such as the salts such as the hydrochloride, fumarate and succinates, as well as acetylated carnitine, and the like can be used.

As contemplated herein, functional ingredients and nutrients for use in the present invention include walnut oil, sesame oil, sunflower oil, capsibiol-T, pomegranate, magnolia, lipoic acid, vitamin C, ginger, green and black tea, optionally together with an optimal fiber blend of soluble and insoluble fibers. Juices, extracts, pulp or other forms of formulations of said ingredients are included.

In various embodiments, the pet food composition can further include corn, poultry meal, palatability enhancers, potassium chloride, iodized salt, calcium carbonate, choline chloride, minerals, mineral premix, preservatives, vitamins, and mixtures thereof. In certain embodiments, the dietary food composition may further include L-tryptophan. The quantities administered in the diet, all as wt % (dry matter basis) of the diet, are calculated as the active material, per se, that is measured as free material. The maximum amounts employed should not bring about toxicity. At least about 100 ppm or at least about 150 ppm of Vitamin E can be used. A preferred range of 500 to 1,000 ppm can be employed. Although not necessary, a maximum of about 2000 ppm or about 1500 ppm is generally not exceeded. With respect to Vitamin C at least about 50 ppm is used, desirably at least about 75 ppm and more desirably at least about 100 ppm. A non-toxic maximum can be employed. The quantity of lipoic acid can vary from at least about 25, desirably at least about 50 ppm, more desirably about 100 ppm. Maximum quantities can vary from 100 ppm to 600 ppm or to an amount which remains non-toxic to the pet. A preferred range is from 100 ppm to 200 ppm. For 1-carnitine about 50 ppm, desirably about 200 ppm, more desirably about 300 ppm for canines are a useful minimum. For felines, slightly higher minimums of 1-carnitine can be employed such as about 100 ppm, 200 ppm, and 500 ppm. A non-toxic maximum quantity can be employed, for example, less than about 5,000 ppm. For canines, lower quantities can be employed, for example, less than about 5,000 ppm. For canines, a preferred range is 200 ppm to 400 ppm. For felines, a preferred range is 400 ppm to 600 ppm. Beta-carotene at 1-15 ppm can be employed. Selenium at 0.1 up to 5 ppm can be employed. Lutein at least about 5 ppm can be employed. Tocotrienols at least about 25 ppm can be employed. Coenzyme Q10 at least about 25 ppm can be employed. S-adenosylmethionine at least about 50 ppm can be employed. Taurine at least about 1000 ppm can be employed. Soy isoflavones at least about 25 ppm can be used. N-acetylcysteine at least about 50 ppm can be used. Glutathione at least about 50 ppm can be used. Gingko Biloba at least 50 ppm of extract can be used.

In various embodiments, the pyruvate may be added to the animal's food. In various embodiments, the pyruvate may be added to the animal's food by a compounder or manufacturer at a site or by an animal's caregiver prior to feeding the animal. In various embodiments, the pyruvate may be added during the processing of an animal's food, such as during and/or after mixing of other components of the composition that is then packaged and made available to consumers. Such processing may include extrusion, canning, baking, and the like or any other method or process of producing pet foods that is known in the art. In various embodiments, the pyruvate may be contributed by a natural source like an animal or plant component or the pyruvate may be contributed by a synthetically derived source or the pyruvate may be contributed by a mixture of natural and synthetic sources.

The edible compositions of the invention may be prepared in a canned or wet form using conventional food preparation processes known to skilled artisans. Typically, ground animal proteinaceous tissues are mixed with the other ingredients such as fish oils, cereal grains, balancing ingredients, special purpose additives (e.g., vitamin and mineral mixtures, inorganic salts, cellulose and beet pulp, bulking agents, and the like) and water in amounts sufficient for processing. These ingredients are mixed in a vessel suitable for heating while blending the components. Heating of the mixture is effected using any suitable manner, for example, direct steam injection or using a vessel fitted with a heat exchanger. When heated to the appropriate temperature, the material will typically be in the form of a thick liquid. The thick liquid is filled into cans. A lid is applied, and the container is hermetically sealed. The sealed can is then placed into conventional equipment designed to sterilize the contents. The compositions of the present invention can be added to the food compositions before, during, or after preparation.

Food compositions may be prepared in a dry form using conventional processes known to skilled artisans. Typically, dry ingredients such as animal protein, plant protein, grains, and the like are ground and mixed together. Moist or liquid ingredients, including fats, oils, animal protein, water, and the like are then added to and mixed with the dry mix. The mixture is then processed into kibbles or similar dry pieces. Kibble is often formed using an extrusion process in which the mixture of dry and wet ingredients is subjected to mechanical work at a high pressure and temperature and forced through small openings and cut off into kibble by a rotating knife. The wet kibble is then dried and optionally coated with one or more topical coatings such as flavours, fats, oils, powders, and the like. Kibble also can be made from the dough using a baking process, rather than extrusion, wherein the dough is placed into a mold before dry-heat processing.

In preparing a composition for use with the methods of the present invention, any ingredient (e.g., fish oil) generally may, for example, be incorporated into the composition during the processing of the formulation, such as during and/or after mixing of other components of the composition. Distribution of these components into the composition can be accomplished by conventional means. In one embodiment, ground animal and poultry proteinaceous tissues are mixed with the other ingredients, including fish oils, cereal grains, other nutritionally balancing ingredients, special-purpose additives (e.g., vitamin and mineral mixtures, inorganic salts, cellulose and beet pulp, bulking agents, and the like); and water that is sufficient for processing is also added.

Methods of the present invention include utilizing compositions that can be prepared in a dry form using conventional processes. In one embodiment, dry ingredients, including, for example, animal protein sources, plant protein sources, grains, etc., are ground and mixed together. Moist or liquid ingredients, including fats, oils, animal protein sources, water, etc., are then added to and mixed with the dry mix. The mixture is then processed into kibbles or similar dry pieces. Kibble is often formed using an extrusion process in which the mixture of dry and wet ingredients is subjected to mechanical work at a high pressure and temperature, and forced through small openings and cut off into kibble by a rotating knife. The wet kibble is then dried and optionally coated with one or more topical coatings which may include, for example, flavors, fats, oils, powders, and the like. Kibble also can be made from the dough using a baking process, rather than extrusion, wherein the dough is placed into a mold before dry-heat processing.

The compositions may also be designed to be easier to chew. Canine and feline foods are typically formulated based on life stage (age), size, body composition, and breed. In the methods of this invention, some embodiments of the compositions address specific nutritional differences between senior regular or small breed dogs, large breed dogs, and cats.

All percentages expressed herein are on a weight by dry matter basis unless specifically stated otherwise.

In one embodiment, the compositions are in the form of a companion animal food composition or pet food.

Foods of any consistency or moisture content are contemplated, e.g., the compositions of the present invention may be a moist, semi-moist, or dry animal food composition. “Moist” food refers to food that has a moisture content of 60 to 90% or greater. “Dry” food refers to compositions with 3 to 11% moisture content and is often manufactured in the form of small bits or kibbles. “Semi-moist” refers to compositions with 25-35% moisture content. Also contemplated herein are compositions that may comprise components of various consistency as well as components that may include more than one consistency, for example, soft, chewy meat-like particles as well as kibble having an outer cereal component and an inner cream component as described in, e.g., U.S. Pat. No. 6,517,877.

The edible composition can be a liquid or a solid food. When the composition is a liquid, the pyruvate can be admixed with other components. Where the composition is solid, the pyruvate may be coated on the composition, incorporated into the composition, or both.

In certain embodiments, the edible composition can be a supplement. Supplements include, for example, a feed used with another feed to improve the nutritive balance or performance of the total. Supplements include compositions that are fed undiluted as a supplement to other feeds, offered free choice with other parts of an animal's ration that are separately available, or diluted and mixed with an animal's regular feed to produce a complete feed. AAFCO, for example, provides a discussion relating to supplements in the Official Publication of The Association of American Feed Control Officials, Inc. (2009). Supplements may be in various forms including, for example, powders, liquids, syrups, pills, encapsulated compositions, and the like.

In certain embodiments, the edible composition can be a treat. Treats include compositions that are given to an animal to entice the animal to eat during a non-meal time, for example, dog bones for canines. Treats may be nutritional wherein the composition includes one or more nutrients and may have a food-like composition. Non-nutritional treats encompass any other treats that are non-toxic. The composition or components are coated onto the treat, incorporated into the treat, or both. Treats of the invention can be prepared by an extrusion or baking process similar to those used for dry food. Other processes also may be used to either coat the composition on the exterior of existing treat forms or inject the composition into an existing treat form.

In certain embodiments, the edible composition can be a toy. Toys include chewable toys such as artificial bones. The at least one pyruvate can form a coating on the surface of the toy or on the surface of a component of the toy, be incorporated partially or fully throughout the toy, or both. In one embodiment, the one or more pyruvate is orally accessible by the intended user. There are a wide range of suitable toys currently marketed, for example, U.S. Pat. No. 5,339,771, U.S. Pat. No. 5,419,283, and references disclosed therein. This invention provides both partially consumable toys, for example, toys including plastic components, and fully consumable toys, for example, rawhides and various artificial bones. The invention preferably provides toys for use by a dog or a cat.

The invention also encompasses methods of preventing, ameliorating one or more symptoms of, or treating certain disorders by administering a therapeutically or prophylactically effective amount of a composition including one or more pyruvate to a companion animal in need thereof.

In one embodiment the composition providing a therapeutically or prophylactically effective amount of one or more pyruvate is administered in a nutritionally complete dietary composition.

Another embodiment of the invention encompasses methods for preventing, ameliorating one or more symptoms of, or treating kidney disease in a companion animal. In one embodiment, the invention encompasses methods of preventing, ameliorating one or more symptoms of, or treating kidney disease in a companion animal, which includes feeding the animal an edible composition including one or more pyruvate in an amount effective to prevent, ameliorate one or more symptoms of, or treat the kidney damage in such companion animal. In another embodiment, the invention encompasses the use of an edible composition including one or more pyruvate for the manufacture of a medicament for the prevention, amelioration of one or more symptoms, or treatment of kidney damage in a companion animal. In certain embodiments, the invention encompasses administering the composition including one or more pyruvate to companion animals susceptible to or suffering from kidney disease or administering the compositions to animals experiencing a decline in kidney function, particularly a decline due to aging. The composition may also be fed to companion animals that are healthy in order to maintain healthy kidney functions and/or prevent kidney disease. The invention is based upon the discovery that the presence of one or more pyruvate in an animal's diet enhances or improves kidney function. Without being bound by theory, it is believed that the improvement results from decreased presence of oxygen species in the blood due to the presence of at least one pyruvate which is an antioxidant. As shown in the results in Example 1, dogs fed one or more pyruvate had reduced blood urea nitrogen and creatinine compared to similar foods containing fish oil.

Yet another embodiment of the invention is a method of preventing, ameliorating one or more symptoms of, or treating, an inflammatory kidney disorder in a companion animal, the method comprising the step of administering to said animal in need thereof a nutritionally complete dietary composition comprising one or more pyruvate at a concentration of from about 0.1% to about 10% by weight on a dry matter basis.

Another embodiment of the invention is a method of preventing, ameliorating one or more symptoms of, or treating, nephritis in a companion animal, the method comprising the step of administering to said animal in need thereof a nutritionally complete dietary composition comprising one or more pyruvate at a concentration of from about 0.1% to about 10% by weight on a dry matter basis.

A further embodiment of the invention is a method of enhancing or improving kidney function in a companion animal, the method comprising the step of administering to said animal in need thereof a nutritionally complete dietary composition comprising one or more pyruvate at a concentration of from about 0.1% to about 10% by weight on a dry matter basis.

As used herein, “enhancing or improving kidney function” means increasing the kidney's ability to remove waste or toxins from an animal's blood as compared to an earlier time. Generally, as an animal ages, there is a decrease in the total glomerular filtration caused by a declining ability of the kidneys to adequately filter urine. It is believed that this decrease in kidney function is caused by a decrease in nephron number and function. Generally, any of several blood indices may be used to determine kidney function, particularly the severity of decrease in kidney function or renal disease. Among these indices is serum urea nitrogen (SUN). SUN levels in the blood of an animal increase when the animal suffers from renal failure because damage to the kidney lessens the kidney's ability to adequately filter urea, a waste product. Kidney function can also be monitored by measuring the amount of creatinine present in the animal's blood. Creatinine is a break-down product of creatine phosphate in muscle and is filtered by the kidney. Therefore, if the kidney is not functioning properly, the blood level of creatinine rises. Therefore, the level of creatinine in the blood may be used to calculate creatinine clearance. The measurement of both SUN levels and creatinine levels in the blood provides a good indication of kidney function. Kidney function can also be measured via the monitoring of glomerular filtration rate (GFR). The greater an animal's GFR, the better the kidneys are at removing waste and, therefore, functioning. GFR can be measured in a number of ways, including the use of an iohexol clearance test. Per this test, the intended animal first fasts for twelve or more hours. Then, iohexol, a radiographic contrast agent, is injected into the blood via an intravenous catheter. At 2, 3, and 4 hours after administration of iohexol, a minimum of 4 ml of blood (at least 1.2 ml serum) is obtained and tested. The rate at which iohexol in the blood is decreasing indicates the level at which the kidney is functioning. The overall functioning of the animal's kidneys can be measured via a comparison of that animal's GFR at one point in time versus the animal's GFR at a later point in time.

In the methods according to the invention, a companion animal is fed the edible composition of the invention including one or more pyruvate in an amount effective to treat or prevent the kidney damage. The animal is maintained on a diet including the composition for a sufficient period to improve kidney function, for example, until the animal shows a reduced serum nitrogen level and/or creatinine level and/or improved GFR. The method is particularly applicable to animals that are susceptible or suffering from kidney disease caused by aging, xenobiotics, or pathogens.

SPECIFIC EMBODIMENTS OF THE INVENTION

The invention is further described in the following examples. The examples are merely illustrative and do not in any way limit the scope of the invention as described and claimed. This invention can be further illustrated by the following examples of preferred embodiments thereof, although it will be understood that these examples are included merely for purposes of illustration and are not intended to limit the scope of the invention unless otherwise specifically indicated.

EXAMPLES Example 1 The Effect of Pyruvate in Kidney Markers in Feline and Canine Materials and Methods:

28 cats were fed a control food for 28 days prior to the start of the study. At day 0, cats were allotted to one of two foods, the control food or the control food+pyruvate. Cats were fed the experimental foods for 45 days.

40 dogs were fed a control food for 28 days prior to start of the study. At day 0, dogs were allotted to one of three experimental foods, control+fish oil, control+pyruvate, or control+fish oil and pyruvate. Dogs were fed the experimental foods for 45 days.

TABLE 1 Ingredients Used to Make Feline and Canine Control Foods Ingredient Order Feline Control Food Canine Control Food 1 Corn Gluten Meal Corn 2 Corn Poultry meal 3 Poultry Meal Corn Gluten Meal 4 Cellulose Cellulose 5 Beet Pulp Soybean meal run 6 Soybean oil Beet Pulp 7 Pal Enhancer 1 Pal Enhancer 8 Pal Enhancer 2 Soybean oil 9 L-Lysine Potassium Citrate 10 Potassium Chloride DL-methionine 11 Calcium Sulfate Pal enhancer 2 12 L-carnitine L-lysine 13 Choline Chloride L-carnitine 14 DL-Methionine Vitamin E 15 Vitamin E Salt 16 Glycerol Monosaturate Choline chloride 17 Potassium Citrate Vitamin premix 18 Vitamin Premix Mineral premix 19 Taurine L-lysine 20 Salt Taurine 21 L-Arginine — 22 Mineral Premix — * Calcium pyruvate was added to these foods at 1% at the expense of corn for the experimental foods.

TABLE 2 Feline Pyruvate study blood chemistry at day 0^(a) Feline Feline control + Item control pyruvate SE Treatment Blood chemistry A-G 0.78 0.77 0.061 0.86 ALB 3.31 3.32 0.081 0.84 ALP 21.80 25.62 2.889 0.20 AAT 64.2 62.0 6.011 0.72 B-CR 25.47 25.20 1.892 0.89 BUN 23.11 23.21 1.364 0.94 Creatinine 0.94 0.94 0.06 0.97 Calcium 10.07 10.33 0.258 0.33 Cholesterol 105.53 110.08 10.83 0.68 Chloride 122.2 124.4 0.865 0.02 Glucose 69.67 81.23 7.97 0.16 Potassium 4.62 4.76 0.232 0.55 Sodium 149.7 153.4 1.062 0.01 NA-K 33.2 32.20 1.351 0.48 Phosphorus 4.57 5.13 0.220 0.02 Total Bilirubin 0.10 0.10 — 0.99 Total protein 7.71 7.80 0.231 0.71 Magnesium 2.77 2.85 0.091 0.39 Triglycerides 27.00 41.39 6.517 0.04

TABLE 3 Feline Pyruvate Study Blood Chemistry at Day 45^(abc) Feline Feline control + Item control pyruvate SE Treatment Blood chemistry A-G 0.74 0.74 0.018 0.91 ALB 3.20 3.22 0.053 0.70 ALP 28.78 27.02 2.327 0.46 AAT 64.10 80.50 10.405 0.13 B-CR 29.25 29.64 2.294 0.87 BUN 23.69 24.40 1.041 0.50 Creatinine 0.84 0.84 0.051 0.96 Calcium 9.8 9.9 0.166 0.56 Cholesterol 114 123 4.753 0.06 Chloride 123.44 122.56 1.135 0.45 Glucose 68.53 65.47 10.962 0.78 Potassium 4.65 4.73 0.139 0.57 Sodium 155 155 1.47 0.76 NA-K 33.45 33.10 0.955 0.72 Phosphorus 5.08 4.73 0.212 0.11 Total Bilirubin 0.10 0.11 0.007 0.29 Total protein 7.67 7.66 0.164 0.96 Magnesium 3.08 2.89 0.087 0.05 Triglycerides 37.61 37.76 5.167 0.98 ^(a)15 cats fed feline control and 13 cats fed feline control + 1% calcium pyruvate ^(b)Cats were fed the feline control for 28 days prior to starting the test. ^(c)Day 0 was used as a covariate in the analysis.

TABLE 4 Canine Pyruvate Study Blood Chemistry Day 0^(ab) A B Canine Canine C control + control + Canine control + Probability Item fish oil pyruvate pyruvate/fish oil SE A vs B A vs C B vs C Blood Chemistry A-G 1.5 1.5 1.5 0.072 0.62 0.92 0.54 ALB 3.65 3.79 3.84 0.100 0.14 0.06 0.64 ALP 51.3 116.7 75.5 42.676 0.13 0.57 0.33 AAT 50.6 53.0 58.7 10.407 0.82 0.44 0.58 B-CR 29.65 30.71 31.46 3.247 0.74 0.58 0.81 BUN 17.34 17.95 18.20 1.968 0.75 0.66 0.90 Creatinine 0.59 0.59 0.59 0.033 0.84 0.95 0.90 Calcium 10.35 10.54 10.67 0.150 0.21 0.04 0.37 Cholesterol 170.2 175.6 170.50 17.884 0.76 0.98 0.77 Chloride 112.85 112.43 112.15 0.867 0.63 0.43 0.75 Glucose 71.39 72 69.69 4.921 0.90 0.73 0.64 Potassium 4.33 4.31 4.43 0.105 0.87 0.35 0.27 Sodium 145.2 144.3 145.1 1.135 0.40 0.89 0.48 NA-K 33.62 33.50 32.92 0.819 0.89 0.40 0.48 Phosphorus 3.75 3.83 3.63 0.218 0.71 0.58 0.35 Total Bilirubin 0.10 0.11 0.13 0.012 0.56 0.02 0.06 Total protein 6.12 6.31 6.41 0.148 0.18 0.06 0.52 Magnesium 2.54 2.48 2.47 0.063 0.34 0.28 0.88 Triglycerides 77.85 65.07 72.62 8.316 0.13 0.53 0.36 ^(a)Dogs were fed maintenance food for 28 days prior to day 0. ^(b)All dogs were offered food ad libitum of 400 grams per day.

TABLE 5 Canine Pyruvate Study Blood Chemistry at Day 45^(ab) A B Canine Canine C control + control + Canine control + Probability Item fish oil pyruvate pyruvate/fish oil SE A vs B A vs C B vs C Blood chemistry A-G 1.5 1.5 1.5 0.06 0.48 0.80 0.65 ALB 3.83 3.72 3.76 0.079 0.15 0.36 0.59 ALP 99.6 109.5 109.1 19.58 0.61 0.63 0.98 AAT 72.75 48.03 94.29 29.34 0.39 0.47 0.12 B-CR 29.89 29.27 34.33 2.166 0.78 0.05 0.02 BUN 18.32 15.83 18.39 1.18 0.04 0.95 0.03 Creatinine 0.62 0.55 0.54 0.019 0.001 0.001 0.78 Calcium 10.74 10.69 10.70 0.149 0.75 0.78 0.98 Cholesterol 162.73 166.47 159.30 11.59 0.74 0.77 0.53 Chloride 114.92 115.30 115.84 0.872 0.66 0.30 0.53 Glucose 79.79 75.84 77.54 2.867 0.17 0.44 0.54 Potassium 4.41 4.22 4.31 0.104 0.06 0.35 0.36 Sodium 151.24 152.15 152.99 1.003 0.37 0.09 0.40 NA-K 34.4 36.31 35.66 0.810 0.02 0.13 0.42 Phosphorus 3.70 3.73 3.71 0.223 0.87 0.96 0.91 Total Bilirubin 0.11 0.12 0.12 0.015 0.73 0.62 0.85 Total protein 6.35 6.26 6.36 0.111 0.44 0.90 0.36 Magnesium 2.59 2.51 2.53 0.062 0.21 0.36 0.74 Triglycerides 73.08 79.26 79.26 10.02 0.54 0.54 0.99 ^(a)13 dogs fed canine control + fish oil, 13 dogs fed Canine control + calcium pyruvate 1%, and 13 dogs fed Canine control + pyruvate and fish oil ^(b)Dogs were fed canine control for 28 days prior to starting the test. ^(c)All dogs were offered food ad libitum of 400 grams per day. ^(d)Day 0 was used as a covariate in the analysis.

Example 2 The Effect of Pyruvate on Feline Kidney Biomarkers Materials and Methods:

Calcium pyruvate was tested in twenty senior cats fed feline control plus 0.7% by weight pyruvate for 28 days. Analysis was performed using a paired t-test analysis for change that was significant from zero.

TABLE 6 Senior Feline Pyruvate Biomarker Measurements Day 0 Day 28 Analyte Control Control + pyruvate SED P-value Serum Creatinine 1.20 0.94 0.12 0.0003 

1. A method for treating or preventing kidney disease in a companion animal, which comprises feeding the animal a nutritionally complete, edible food composition comprising one or more pyruvates in an amount effective to treat or prevent the kidney damage, wherein the companion animal is a cat or a dog.
 2. The method of claim 1, wherein the one or more pyruvate is present in the composition in an amount of up to about 20% by weight of the composition.
 3. The method of claim 1, wherein the one or more pyruvate is present in the composition in an amount of about 0.1 to 10% by weight of the composition.
 4. The method of claim 1, wherein the one or more pyruvate is present in the composition in an amount of about 5% by weight of the composition.
 5. The method of claim 1, wherein the composition further comprises a component selected from the group consisting of protein, fat, carbohydrate, fiber, and combinations thereof.
 6. The method of claim 1, wherein the composition is a nutritional diet, a supplement, an animal treat, or a toy. 